1. Critical lab values

2. Nursing responsibilities

3. Electrolytes
   1. Sodium
      1. Hyponatremia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
      2. Hypernatremia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
   2. Potassium
      1. Hypokalemia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
      2. Hyperkalemia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
   3. Chloride
      1. Hypochloremia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
      2. Hyperchloremia
         1. Causes
         2. Signs and symptoms
         3. Management and nursing implications
4. Phosphorus
   1. Hypophosphatemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
   2. Hyperphosphatemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
5. Calcium
   1. Hypocalcemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
   2. Hypercalcemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
6. Magnesium
   1. Hypomagnesemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
   2. Hypermagnesemia
      1. Causes
      2. Signs and symptoms
      3. Management and nursing implications
7. Bicarbonate/Hydrogen
   1. Buffering systems
   2. Physiological controls
   3. Measurements
      1. Anion gap
      2. pH
      3. Blood gases
   4. Abnormalities
      1. Metabolic acidosis
         1. Causes
         2. Compensation
         3. Blood gas changes
         4. Management and nursing implications
      2. Metabolic alkalosis
         1. Causes
         2. Compensation
         3. Blood gas changes
         4. Management and nursing implications
      3. Respiratory acidosis
         1. Causes
         2. Compensation
         3. Blood gas changes
         4. Management and nursing implications
      4. Respiratory alkalosis
         1. Causes
         2. Compensation
         3. Blood gas changes
         4. Management and nursing implications

3. Common serum chemistry studies
   1. Measures of nitrogen waste products
      1. Tests
         1. Uric acids
         2. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
         3. Creatinine
         4. BUN to creatinine ratio
      2. Causes of elevations
      3. Management and nursing implications
   2. Serum enzymes
      1. Tests
         1. Aspartate transaminase (AST)
         2. Alanine transaminase (ALT)
         3. Lactic dehydrogenase (LD or LDH)
         4. Creatine kinase (CK or CPK)
         5. Troponin
         6. Acid phosphatase
         7. Aldolase
         8. Lipase
         9. Amylase
      2. Isoenzymes
      3. Uses
      4. Advantages and disadvantages
      5. Management and nursing implications
         1. Myocardial infarctions
         2. Pancreatitis
         3. Hepatitis
         4. Gall bladder dysfunction

       

4. Hematological and coagulation
   1. Erythropoesis
      1. Erythrocyte count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell distribution width
      2. Reticulocyte count
      3. Indices
      4. Folate, vitamin B12, iron
      5. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate
      6. Management and nursing implications
         1. Anemia
         2. Polycythemia
   2. Immune function
      1. Functions of specific cells
      2. Causes of suppression and increase of granulocytes and lymphocytes
      3. Immunological tests in hepatitis
      4. Immunological tests in autoimmune diseases
      5. Management and nursing implications
         1. Leukocytopenia/neutropenia
         2. Hepatitis
         3. Autoimmune diseases
      6. Cultures and sensitivity
      7. Therapeutic antibiotic levels - peak and trough
   3. Coagulation studies
      1. Platelets
      2. Prothrombin, INR, partial thromboplastin
      3. Fibrinogen
      4. Management and nursing implications
         1. Hypocoagulation
         2. Hypercoagulation

          

5. Glucose metabolism
   1. Serum glucose measures
      1. Serum glucose
      2. Capillary glucose
      3. Glucose tolerance tests
      4. Glycosylated hemoglobin
   2. Management and nursing implications
      1. Hypoglycemia
      2. Hyperglycemia

       

6. Protein metabolism
   1. Bilirubin metabolism
   2. Albumin
   3. Globulin
7. Lipid metabolism
   1. Common tests
      1. Triglycerides
      2. Cholesterol
         1. Total
         2. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL)
         3. Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL)
         4. Ratios
            1. HDL::LDL
            2. HDL::Total cholesterol
   2. Management and nursing implications
      1. Hypercholesterolemia
      2. Hypertriglyceridemia

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